Comparative Analytical Data in the Source Determination of Unknown Spilled Oil in the Haydarpasa Port (Marmara Sea), Turkey

The coasts of the Marmara Sea are continually affected by heavy crude oil and heavy fuel oil pollution. In addition to coastal pollution, some point sources such as ports and oil terminals have serious effects. The Haydarpasa Port is the most important port situated on the Anatolian side of the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus). It has two breakwaters about 1,700 and 600 m long. The pollution of the maritime, coastal, and harbor environments continues to be an issue around the globe. In the Haydarpas¸a Port, fuel oil spillage from ships and vehicles and conventional shipping activities such as tank cleaning and de-ballasting operations and bilge wastewaters are the main sources of PAHs in the vicinity. All crude oils and petroleum products, to some extent, have chemical compositions that differ from each other. This variability in chemical compositions results in unique chemical fingerprints for each oil and provides a basis for identifying the source(s) of the spilled oil (Wang 2003). In recent years, numerous studies concerned with the origin type, fate, and behavior of spilled oils in various environments have been published. Great advances have been made on both interpretive and analytical methods for fingerprinting oil hydrocarbons. Flexible, tiered analytical approaches, which facilitate the detailed compositional analyses based primarily upon GC/MS has been developed in response to the oil spill identification (Wang 2003). An important discovery is that the diagnostic indices in a vessel’s bilge contents and its discharges could also constitute fingerprints for the ships. In so that, by comparing the fingerprints of different spilled oils with the material from the bilges of ships, it would be possible to determine the source of spill oil. In this study, SUVF and GC/MS analysis were used to characterize the chemical composition of the unknown oil spilled from the Haydarpas¸a Port by using advanced fingerprinting techniques and diagnostic ratios.The Research Fund Secretariat of the Istanbul University; project UDP 676/28022006

Evaluation of sediment contamination by monoaromatic hydrocarbonsin the coastal lagoons of Gulf of Saros, NE Aegean Sea

The concentrations and distribution of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the sum of m-, p- and o-, xylenes) were determined in the sediments of coastal lagoons of the Gulf of Saros, using a static headspace GC–MS. The total concentrations of BTEX compounds ranged from 368.5 to below detection limit 0.6 μg kg−1 DW, with a mean value of 61.5 μg kg−1 DW. The light aromatic fraction of m-, p-xylene was the most abundant compound (57.1% in average), and followed by toluene (38.1%) N ethylbenzene (4.1%) N o-xylene (2.5%) N benzene (1.1%). The factor analysis indicated that the levels and distribution of BTEX compounds depend on the type of contaminant source (mobile/point), the absorbance of compounds in sediment, and mobility of benzene compound and degradation processes. Point sources are mainly related to agricultural facilities and port activities while the dispersion of compounds is related to their solubility, volatility, and effect of sea/saline waters on lagoons.The Research Fund of Istanbul University (Project BAP-179, Project 1479

Halojen grup içeren metalli ftalosiyaninlerin sentezi ve karekterizasyonu

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.HALOJEN İÇEREN METAL FİTALOSİYANİNLERİN SENTEZİVE KARAKTERİZASYONUSelma ÜNLÜÖZETAnahtar Kelimeler: Ftalosiyanin, , Nikel, Çinko, Kobalt, BakırStokrom, Hem ya da Klorofil gibi makro halkaları taşıyan doğada bulunan önemlibileşiklerle benzerlikleri bulunan, pigment ve boyar madde olarak ticari kullanımlarıyanında yüksek teknolojik uygulamaları bulunan ftalosiyaninler ileri malzemelerolarak yoğun bir şekilde araştırılmaktadır. Bu malzemelerin boya, elektrikselmalzeme olarak kullanımları yanında optik, yakıt pilleri, sensörler, fotodinamikkanser terapisi, katalizör olarak, moleküler metalleri ve sıvı kristal renkli alanuygulamaları gibi yüksek teknolojik uygulamaları da her geçen gün artmaktadır.Bu çalışmada metalli ftalosiyaninler {M[Pc(O-Bz(CF ) ] ( M=Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II),324' 'Ni(II) Bz=Benzen} elde edilmiştir. Bu ftalosiyaninler 4(3 ,5 Bistriflorometilfenoksi )1,2 disayano benzenin uygun metal tuzlarıyla [MX ] (X=Cl veya X=Ac) kinolinli ve21,8-diazabisiklo[5,4,0] undeka-7-ene (DBU) ortamda riflaks sıcaklığındasiklotetramerizasyon reaksiyonuyla elde edilmişlerdir.Ftalosiyaninler uygun metotlarla saflaştırıldıktan sonra yapıları elementel analizi1 13yanısıra IR, UV-Vis, H-NMR, C-NMR ve MS( kütle) spektrumları yardımıylaaydınlatılmıştır.SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METALLOPHTHALOCYANINES CONTAİNİNG HALOGENESelma ÜNLÜSUMMARYKeywords: Phthalocyanines, cobalt, nicel, zinc, copperThe complexes of porphyrins, corrins and phthalocyanines have been investigatedbecause of relation to important naturally occuring species containing macrocylessuch as, heme, cytocromes or chlorophyl or because of their potential as dyestuffsandpigments. Since their final discovery and elucidation structure, pthalocyaninecompounds have gained a real success as an object of research and of practicalapplication. The phthaloctanines find use also in catalysts for control of sulfideeffluents, lasers, photodynamic reagents for cancer therapy, molecular metals,chemical sensors.In the present work metallophtalocyanines {M[Pc(O-Bz(CF ) ] ( M=Cu(II), Zn(II),324Co(II), Ni(II) Bz=Benzen} were obtain from cylotetramerization reaction of 4-(3?,5?-bis (trifluromethyl)phenoxy) phthalonitrile with corresponding appropraite[M(acac) ].nH O in the presence of qunolin and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0] undec-7-ene2 2(DBU) as a strong at reflax temperature.All of the phthalocyanines were purfied by chromatography . The elemantal analysis,1 13IR, UV-Vis, H-NMR, C-NMR and MS( Mass) specta confirm the proposedstructures of the compound

OIL SPILL ALONG THE TURKISH STRAITS SEA AREA; ACCIDENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND PROTECTION

The Turkish Straits Sea Area (TSSA) is a long water passage that is consisted of the Sea of Marmara, an inland sea within Turkey's borders, and two narrow straits connected to neighboring seas. With a strategic location between the Balkans and Anatolia, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and dominated by the continental climate, the region hosted many civilizations throughout the centuries. This makes the region among the busiest routes in the world, with sea traffic three times higher than that in the Suez Canal. The straits are the most difficult waterways to navigate and witnessed many hazardous and important collisions and accidents throughout history. In addition, this area has vital roles as a biological corridor and barrier among three distinctive marine realms. Therefore, the region is rather sensitive to damages of national and international maritime activities, which may cause severe environmental problems. This book addresses several key questions on a chapter basis, including historical accidents, background information on main dynamic restrictions, oil pollution, oil spill detection, and clean-up recoveries, its impacts on biological communities, socioeconomic aspects, and subjects with international agreements. This book will help readers, public, local and governmental authorities gain a deeper understanding of the status of the oil spill, mostly due to shipping accidents, and their related impacts along the TSSA, which needs precautionary measures to be protected.CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I - HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS AND REGULATIONS Remarkable Accidents at the Istanbul Strait Hasan Bora USLUER and Saim OĞUZÜLGEN …………………………………...... 3 History of Regulations before Republican Era along the Turkish Straits Sea Area Ali Umut ÜNAL …………………………………………………………………….. 16 Transition Regime in the Turkish Straits during the Republican Era Osman ARSLAN ……….……………………………………………………….……26 26 The Montreux Convention and Effects at Turkish Straits Oktay ÇETİN ………………………………………………………………….…….. 33 Evaluation of the Montreux Convention in the Light of Recent Problems Ayşenur TÜTÜNCÜ ………………………………………………………………… 44 A Historical View on Technical Developments on Ships and Effects of Turkish Straits Murat YAPICI ………………………………………………………………………. 55 CHAPTER II - GEOGRAPHY, BATHYMETRY AND HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS Geographic and Bathymetric Restrictions along the Turkish Straits Sea Area Bedri ALPAR, Hasan Bora USLUER and Şenol AYDIN ……………………..…… 61 Hydrodynamics and Modeling of Turkish Straits Serdar BEJİ and Tarkan ERDİK ………………………………………………….… 79 Wave Climate in the Turkish Sea of Marmara Tarkan ERDİK and Serdar BEJİ …………………………………………………..… 91 CHAPTER III - OIL POLLUTION, DETECTION AND RECOVERY Oil Pollution at Sea and Coast Following Major Accidents Selma ÜNLÜ ……………………………………………………………………….101 Forensic Fingerprinting in Oil-spill Source Identification at the Turkish Straits Sea Area Özlem ATEŞ DURU ……………………………………………………………… 121 xi Oil Spill Detection Using Remote Sensing Technologies-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) İbrahim PAPİLA, Elif SERTEL, Şinasi KAYA and Cem GAZİOĞLU ……..……. 140 The Role of SAR Remote Sensing to Detect Oil Pollution and Emergency Intervention Saygın ABDIKAN, Çağlar BAYIK and Füsun BALIK ŞANLI ……….….……….. 157 Oil Spill Recovery and Clean-Up Techniques Emra KIZILAY, Mehtap AKBAŞ and Tahir Yavuz GEZBELİ …………………… 176 Turkish Strait Sea Area, Contingency Planning, Regulations and Case Studies Emra KIZILAY, Mehtap AKBAŞ and Tahir Yavuz GEZBELİ …………………... 188 Dispersant Response Method to Incidental Oil Pollution Dilek EDİGER, Leyla TOLUN and Fatma TELLİ KARAKOÇ ………………….... 205 CHAPTER IV - THE EFFECTS / IMPACTS OF OIL SPILL ON BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES – INCLUDING SAMPLING AND MONITORING Marine Microorganisms and Oil Spill Sibel ZEKİ and Pelin S. ÇİFTÇİ TÜRETKEN …………...………………………… 219 Estimated Effects of Oil Spill on the Phytoplankton Following “Volgoneft-248” Accident (Sea of Marmara) Seyfettin TAŞ ………………………………..…………………………………….... 229 Interactions between Zooplankton and Oil Spills: Lessons Learned from Global Accidents and a Proposal for Zooplankton Monitoring İ. Noyan YILMAZ and Melek İŞİNİBİLİR ……………………………………..….. 238 The Effects of Oil Spill on the Macrophytobenthic Communities Ergün TAŞKIN and Barış AKÇALI …………………………….…………….……. 244 Potential Impacts of Oil Spills on Macrozoobenthos in the Turkish Straits System Güley KURT-ŞAHİN …………………………………………………………….… 253 The Anticipated Effects of Oil Spill on Fish Populations in Case of an Accident along the Turkish Straits System – A review of Studies after Several Incidents from the World M. İdil ÖZ and Nazlı DEMİREL …………………………………………………….261 Estimated Impacts of an Oil Spill on Bird Populations along the Turkish Straits System Itri Levent ERKOL …………………………………………………………….…… 272 The Effect of Oil Spills on Cetaceans in the Turkish Straits System (TSS) Ayaka Amaha ÖZTÜRK ………………………………………………………….. 277 Changes in the Ichthyoplankton and Benthos Assemblages following Volgoneft-248 Oil Spill: Case Study Ahsen YÜKSEK and Yaprak GÜRKAN …………………………………….……. 280 Assessing the Initial and Temporal Effects of a Heavy Fuel Oil Spill on Benthic Fauna Yaprak GÜRKAN, Ahsen YÜKSEK ………………………………………..…….. 287 CHAPTER V - SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS Socio-economic Aspects of Oil Spill Özlem ATEŞ DURU and Serap İNCAZ ……………………………………….…… 301 Effects of Oil Spill on Human Health Türkan YURDUN ………………………………………………………………..…. 313 Crisis Management of Oil Spill, A Case Study: BP Gulf Mexico Oil Disaster Serap İNCAZ and Özlem ATEŞ DURU …………………………….………….……324 CHAPTER VI - CONVENTIONS RELATING TO PREVENTION OF OIL SPILL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL), 1954 and its Situation Related with Turkey Emre AKYÜZ, Metin ÇELİK and Ömer SÖNER …………………………...……... 334 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as Modified by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto and by the Protocol of 1997 (MARPOL) Özcan ARSLAN, Esma UFLAZ and Serap İNCAZ ………………………….……. 342 Applications of MARPOL Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Emre AKYÜZ, Özcan ASLAN and Serap İNCAZ ………………………………… 356 Ship Born Oil Pollution at the Turkish Straits Sea Area and MARPOL 73/78 Duygu ÜLKER and Sencer BALTAOĞLU………………………….…………….. 363 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION 1969) and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Şebnem ERKEBAY ……………………………….……………………………….. 371 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC) 1990 and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Kadir ÇİÇEK ………………………………………………………………………. 381 Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (OPRC-HNS Protocol) and its Effects in Turkey Aydın ŞIHMANTEPE and Cihat AŞAN ……………….…………………………. 392 The International Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE) 1989 Related with Oil Spill in Turkey İrşad BAYIRHAN ……………………………………….………………..……….. 408 CHAPTER VII - CONVENTIONS COVERING LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION RELATED WITH OIL SPILL International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969 and its Applications Serap İNCAZ and Pınar ÖZDEMİR ……………………………………..………… 416 1992 Protocol to the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND 1992) and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Ali Umut ÜNAL and Hasan Bora USLUER …………………………….………… 424 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 1996 (and its 2010 Protocol) and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Bilun ELMACIOĞLU ……………………………………………………………… 437 Bunkering Incidents and Safety Practices in Turkey Fırat BOLAT, Pelin BOLAT and Serap İNCAZ …………………………………... 447 "Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007" and its Effects on Turkey Şafak Ümit DENİZ and Serap İNCAZ ……………………….……………………. 457

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Surficial Sediments from Lake Iznik (Turkey): Spatial Distributions and Sources

The concentrations of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined from 28 sediment samples taken from the Lake Iznik located in the north-west area in Turkey. The total concentration of the PAHs was observed as in the range of 17–835 ng g−1 dry weight, with the highest values, recorded offshore the cities of Iznik and Orhangazi, and the Sölöz creek. According to the molecular indices, contamination of the PAHs in the lake was a mixture of the atmospheric input of high-temperature pyrolytic processes and the petrogenic sources transported by the creeks. Further, the higher proportion of high molecular-weight PAHs (>85%) suggests the domination of combustion-related sources. Compared to the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for PAHs, there are no harmful biological effects on the short term to aquatic life.The Research Fund of Istanbul University; Grants YFK-423 and UDP-655

Heavy metal pollution in surface sediment and mussel samples in the Gulf of Gemlik

Sediment quality data provide essential information for evaluating ambient environmental quality conditions. An evaluation is presented of heavy metal pollution, on the basis of statistical analysis of metal concentrations from the sediments of the Gulf of Gemlik, southeastern Marmara Sea, Turkey, which has been subject to high levels of pollution. The ranges for heavy metal concentrations (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) at the 63 μm fractions. Not only large industrialized seaports but also resort areas throughout the Gulf are flagged as hotspots for elevated concentrations, generally higher compared to those from the other Turkish marine environment. The highest concentrations of Cr, Pb, and Ni were measured in the outer part of the Gulf, while the highest concentrations of Cu were documented offshore the main rivers. While the concentrations of Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni in some stations approach the severe effect level given in various sediment quality guidelines, the concentrations of the most human-related metals (Cd and Zn) in the mussels collected from the Port Mudanya were higher than the acceptable values for human consumption set by various health organizations.The research fund of the Istanbul University; project UDP-200

MARINE POLLUTION FROM SHIPS IN THE TURKISH STRAITS SYSTEM

The economic growth with increasing oil production and maritime transportation makes this threat more devastating on the marine environment especially for small and narrow water passages such as the TSS. Every year more than 40,000 ships cross the Sea of Marmara and the constricted waterways of the Istanbul and Çanakkale Straits. Oil tankers are most prone vessels to possible accidents during transit passage in narrow straits, along coastlines with heavy maritime traffic, and especially during storms. The marine transportation intensity in the TSS increased significantly until 2012, under the control of economic growth and oil production. There is however a decrement in recent years. According to 2014 data, for example, the transit passages via Istanbul and Çanakkale Straits are slightly more than 45,000 and 43,000. The role of this chapter is to give a short overview of maritime transport activities in the TSS, marine pollution from ships, their types, and environmental impacts. In addition, the most important physical impacts of the ships on the marine ecosystem will be highlighted